⚖ Oral Arguments, with Context

The Second Circuit hears Archibald versus Banks. N.A., a New York City student with a seizure disorder, had a 2023 individualized education program that provided a full-time one-to-one paraprofessional and access to a school nurse as needed, but not a nurse assigned only to her. Her mother rejected that plan, kept her at the private iBRAIN school, and sought public funding. An impartial hearing officer ruled that the city had offered a free appropriate public education. A state review officer disagreed because the city had not provided adequate transportation support, but still denied funding for a dedicated nurse. The federal district court also found that the record did not show the nurse was necessary or actually provided at iBRAIN. The appeal asks whether, under the Second Circuit's Ferreira decision, the district judge independently weighed the fairness factors governing reimbursement.

Archibald v. Banks (No. 25-2330) — U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, argued September 14, 2026.